employment at will doctrine Essays

employment at will doctrine Essays employment at will doctrine Essay employment at will doctrine Essay ASSIGNMENT # 1: EMPLOYMENT AT WILL DOCTRINE by Mohammed A Khan November 1, 2013 LEG 500: Law, Ethics and Corporate Governance Prof. Charles E. Wilson Employment at will doctrine is a doctrine of American Law that defines an employment relationship in which either party (employer and employee) can immediately terminate the relationship at any time with or without any advance notice and with no subsequent liability, provided there was no express contract for a definite term governing the employment relationship and that the employer does not elong to a collective bargaining group. In USA, any hiring is presumed to at will that is the employer is free to discharge individuals for good cause or bad cause or no cause at all and the employee too is equally fit to quit, strike or otherwise cease work. In this assignment, we have some cases/incidents that faced by the highest authority of a company after his appointment and need to take actions/decisions on those incidents. Case 1: John posted a rant on his Facebook page in which he criticized companys most important customer. In this case Jonhs action of posting a egative statement on Facebook is truly unprofessional and unethical. According to the National Labor Relations Board, criticism by the employee over social network site is a protected activity that employers should not violate by punishing workers for such statements. Hence it prohibits employers to retaliate against employees for will surely have impact on the operation of the company. To limit the liability and impact on the company as a COO, I would simply arrange a workshop on the code of ethics and conduct for the individuals working in the company. Case 2: Jim sent an mail to other salespeople to protesting a change in commission schedules and bonuses suggesting everyone boycott the next sales meeting. Being an internal issue within the company, as a COO I will talk to Jim in person and issue a letter to him to show cause why he did such actions towards destruction of organizations discipline. I will also issue a notice to everybody to keep under organization discipline otherwise taking disciplinary actions to those employees who will break the order. Case 3: Ellen started a blog to protest the CEOs bonus, noting that no one below director has otten raise in two (2) years and portraying her bosses as know nothings and out of- touch. These all issues like CEO bonus, appointment of higher authority are parts of management decision. These are not a part of Ellens concern. I will warn Ellen verbally not to do anything which is not within the scope or authority of her Job. If she keeps going with the same gesture or attitude, I will fire her to restore the chain of command within the company. Case 4: Bill has been using his company-issued Black Berry to run his own business on the side- It is a matter of ethics. As a COO, I will initially warn Bill to do such activities which is not ethical on moral perspective. If he fails to follow the rule I will cut off the facility. Case 5: The secretaries in the accounting department decided to dress in black and white stripe to protest a memo announcing that the company has installed keylogger software on all company computers. It is companys sole authority to introduce or install new software or program for achieving their business goal. Being an employee, you can or cannot like it. You have the right to protest it within the rules of company guidebook. If it permits to demonstrate by dressing black and white stripe to protest, you can do that. Being a COO, I must address a notice mentioning the companys position regarding the issue and will warn those employees not to do such things which may lead to termination due to violation of company memorandum. Case- 6: After being disciplined for criticizing a customer in an email (sent from his personal email account on a company computer), Joe threatens to sue the company for invasion of privacy. First of ll, being a representative of a company, it is not a private issue to criticize any customer of that company even though Joe sent the email through his personal email account. I think its not a violation of privacy rather he should be terminated due to criticizing the customer. Case- 7: One of the departments supervisors requests your approval to fire his secretary for insubordination. Since the secretary has always received glowing reviews, you call her into your office and determine that she has refused to prepare false expense reports for her boss. Since the company does not have any histleblower policy, I will send a show cause notice to that secretary to clarify his/ her position for insubordination of his/her superior in written. Getting the written notice, I will mark that piece of paper to our audit department to scrutinize the matter. If the allegation of the secretary is true I will fire the superior and if the secretary was wrong, I will transfer her to a more unimportant department. Case- 8: for being absent without permission. Being a citizen of United States, it is an obligatory duty to attend in the Jury board and nothing can supersede such duty. So Annas boss has no right to fire her. I must call anns boss and let him know the importance to Join Jury board being citizen of this country. I think every company should have a whistleblower policy in their organization. It draws a line to keep attention to each employee that what would be the consequence of a whistleblower on a particular issue as well as the reward. It is necessary to admit that the protection of whistleblowers is only can be ensured through establishing a whistle blowing policy in the organization. In addition to the whistle blowing legislation, it is ery important that policy implementers use a pro-active management approach to whistle blowing that emphasizes the establishment of functional organizational structures and procedures that ensure actual protection of whistleblowers. Among the most important points with regard to a whistle blowing policy are the following: Managers should address disclosures of wrongdoing to avoid damage to individual or organizational reputations and other negative consequences; A pro-active management approach to whistle blowing feature three simple guidelines: 1) do ome groundwork; 2) be professional; and 3) protect whistleblowers Ongoing training of staff handling disclosures will make an internal reporting system more effective; Ongoing review of the effectiveness of internal whistle blowing systems is needed to ensure effectiveness of whistle blowing policy. In closing, I certainly do not believe that whistle blowing policies are a panacea for all ethical problems. Employees should understand that they must be responsible in making accusations for wrongdoing, and malicious or reckless charges not sanctioned. Employees should nderstand how the organization will respond to their concerns in terms of an investigative process. References 1) Information retrieve of definition and understanding of employment at will doctrine from the website www. bls. gov/opub/mlr/2001/01/art1full. pdf. 2) Information regarding employment at will retrieve from the website vwwv. ncsl. org/ research/labor-and-employment/at-will-employment/ at-will-employment- overview. aspx. 3) Information retrieves from http://ethics. csc. ncsu. edu/old/12_00/ basics/whistle/ rst/wstlblo_policy. html regarding whistleblower policy.

How to Calculate Backgammon Probabilities

How to Calculate Backgammon Probabilities Backgammon is a game that employs the use of two standard dice.   The dice used in this game are six-sided cubes, and the faces of a die have one, two, three, four, five or six pips. During a turn in backgammon a player may move his or her checkers or draughts according to the numbers shown on the dice. The numbers rolled can be split between two checkers, or they can be totaled and used for a single checker. For example, when a 4 and a 5 are rolled, a player has two options: he may move one checker four spaces and another one five spaces, or one checker can be moved a total of nine spaces. To formulate strategies in backgammon it is helpful to know some basic probabilities. Since a player can use one or two dice to move a particular checker, any calculation of probabilities will keep this in mind. For our backgammon probabilities, we will answer the question, â€Å"When we roll two dice, what is the probability of rolling the number n as either a sum of two dice, or on at least one of the two dice?† Calculation of the Probabilities For a single die that is not loaded, each side is equally likely to land face up. A single die forms a uniform sample space. There are a total of six outcomes, corresponding to each of the integers from 1 to 6. Thus each number has a probability of 1/6 of occurring. When we roll two dice, each die is independent of the other. If we keep track of the order of what number occurs on each of the dice, then there are a total of 6 x 6 36 equally likely outcomes. Thus 36 is the denominator for all of our probabilities and any particular outcome of two dice has a probability of 1/36. Rolling At Least One of a Number The probability of rolling two dice and getting at least one of a number from 1 to 6 is straightforward to calculate. If we wish to determine the probability of rolling at least one 2 with two dice, we need to know how many of the 36 possible outcomes include at least one 2. The ways of doing this are: (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2), (6, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6) Thus there are 11 ways to roll at least one 2 with two dice, and the probability of rolling at least one 2 with two dice is 11/36. There is nothing special about 2 in the preceding discussion. For any given number n from 1 to 6: There are five ways to roll exactly one of that number on the first die.There are five ways to roll exactly one of that number on the second die.There is one way to roll that number on both dice. Therefore there are 11 ways to roll at least one n from 1 to 6 using two dice. The probability of this occurring is 11/36. Rolling a Particular Sum Any number from two to 12 can be obtained as the sum of two dice. The probabilities for two dice are slightly more difficult to calculate. Since there are different ways to reach these sums, they do not form a uniform sample space. For instance, there are three ways to roll a sum of four: (1, 3), (2, 2), (3, 1), but only two ways to roll a sum of 11: (5, 6), (6, 5). The probability of rolling a sum of a particular number is as follows: The probability of rolling a sum of two is 1/36.The probability of rolling a sum of three is 2/36.The probability of rolling a sum of four is 3/36.The probability of rolling a sum of five is 4/36.The probability of rolling a sum of six is 5/36.The probability of rolling a sum of seven is 6/36.The probability of rolling a sum of eight is 5/36.The probability of rolling a sum of nine is 4/36.The probability of rolling a sum of ten is 3/36.The probability of rolling a sum of eleven is 2/36.The probability of rolling a sum of twelve is 1/36. Backgammon Probabilities At long last we have everything we need to calculate probabilities for backgammon. Rolling at least one of a number is mutually exclusive from rolling this number as a sum of two dice. Thus we can use the addition rule to add the probabilities together for obtaining any number from 2 to 6. For example, the probability of rolling at least one 6 out of two dice is 11/36. Rolling a 6 as a sum of two dice is 5/36. The probability of rolling at least one 6 or rolling a six as a sum of two dice is 11/36 5/36 16/36. Other probabilities can be calculated in a similar manner.

Literature review of manufacturing consent the political economy of Essay

Literature review of manufacturing consent the political economy of the mass media - Essay Example They state that the way in which the media reports news is normally not the most objective since it works towards the protection of the interests of those individuals with influence within the society and completely ignores those of the masses. As a result, there has developed a situation where the news which the mass media produces for public consumption is no longer necessarily in the interests of the public since it is often distorted to serve the interests of a few individuals. The news is no longer as accurate as it should be because of the fact that there is always a bias towards those who have a massive influence on the media outlets, making the latter to be ineffective in their obligations towards the public. It is mainly these issues among many others that are discussed in the book and this makes the book a very important read for those who are interested in how mass media works. Among the most fundamental issues of concern that are discussed in the book is concerning the growing size of media empires as well as their orientation to profit making (Herman & Chomsky, 1988). The principal mass media channels are large companies which are run for profit and because of this; their actions have been aimed at the realization of profits and nothing more. These institutions have been designed to cater to the financial interest of their owners, most of who have massive corporate interest, or are involved in the development of their own personal interests (Buehler, 2011). The size of media companies can be considered an indispensable product of the capital requirements for the technology to reach a massive audience, since it is through the latter that they can be able to set their agenda to the public. The global integration of media ownership is a serious issue that is tackled in the book and it can be concluded that the global integration of mass media leads to less freedom

Femininity in the modern art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Femininity in the modern art - Essay Example For many years, painting has been considered as a form of art that is used for recreational purposes. The modern era, however, uses paintings a form of communication. People now use paintings as a form of expressing their views regarding certain societal issues that are of much concern. These emergences of new uses of paintings are regarded as the modernity of paintings. A good example of issues that have been greatly discussed by the use of paintings is femininity. For instance, Clark argues on the factors that might have been responsible for the options of modernity that eventually became to be regarded as the Manet territory. This case proves to the audience that artists have various impressions of their paintings. All that matters is the intended message and the target audience. This case also means that every painter has his or her own target audience. Femininity can be associated with the responsibilities that are often regarded as being directed to women. Therefore, some artis tic impressions can be associated to women. Female artists also have a say in the artistic world. For many years, men have been associated with performing various arts, as opposed to women. Therefore, it is time that the women in the society come out and show their ability in almost everything that men seem to outshine them in. good modernity examples that women would address in their pieces of art include modern life, the public modern, the issue of men and women involvement in the private sphere, and women and gaze.

Effects of Air Flow and Heating on Temperature: Experiment

Effects of Air Flow and Heating on Temperature: Experiment OBJECTIVE: To study the Air Flow effect on Temperature changes. To study the Heating Effect on Temperature changes. To study the Effect of Air Flow and Heating on Temperature changes. INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of air flow or heating on temperature. An enclosed duct (Model LS17024) is used as assistance to complete our task. The reason of setting the entire component in enclosures is to prevent unnecessary problems during control design, air flow and effect of heating process. The enclosed duct is made up by several components which include fan, control panel, cooler section, observation door, condensing unit, and dry bulb thermocouple. Fan functions to provide air flow rate and there will be a controller installed on it in order to adjusting the spinning speed. Control panel was connected to that controller on fan as well as heater to control both variables air flow rate and the heating rate. Next, temperature is defining as one of the most important parameter because it represents the motion of particles. The air molecules gain more energy on average (move faster and bounce around more energetically) when the temperature increases as the result of high heating rate. In this experiment, the air flow and heating rate alter the temperature changes. Furthermore, heat transfer in three main ways: through radiation, conduction, and natural or forced convention. Heat transfer via radiation occurs through electromagnetic waves, an example being the sun’s energy reaching the earth with including emissivity and energy absorption. Besides that, heat can also be transferred through conduction between the inner surface and outer surface of an object. As long as it is conducted by heat energy, the heat will flow from hotter region to lower region. For example, there is only one end of iron rod being heated by candle, and sooner or later the other end of the rod will become warmer. This phenomenon is a common heat conduction example which explained the heat energy can transfer through particles in one object. Doesn’t like heat conduction, heat convection happened between particles in fluid and non-fluid. Just like we can feel the heat of the hot iron plate once we get near to it even no contact at all. It is because the parti cles in iron plate pass the heat energy to air molecules in surrounding and the air molecules carry out heat convection again from air molecules onto our sensor cells on our body. MATERIAL/APPARATUS: 1. An enclosed duct (Model LS17024) 2. Fan 3. Control panel 4. Cooler section 5. Observation door 6. Condensing unit 7. Dry bulb thermocouple EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Control State of the Duct The apparatus main power supply was switched on. The system was allowed to reach steady state whereby all readings on the instrument panel show no more changes. All the readings displayed on the digital meters were recorded in Table 1. Part A: Air Flow Effect on Temperature The axial fan was switched on. The frequency was set to 5.0Hz by adjusting the frequency inverter. The system was allowed to reach steady state whereby there were no more changes in duct temperature. All the readings displayed on the digital meters were recorded in Table 1. All the above steps were repeated with frequency of 30.0Hz. The readings were recorded down in the Table 1 for different air flow rates 5.0Hz and 30.0Hz by adjusting fan frequency. Part B: Heating Effect on Temperature The heater was switched on and the heating rate was set to 40.0Â °C. The system was allowed to reach steady state whereby no observable changes in heater and duct temperature. All the readings displayed on the digital meters were recorded in Table 1. All the above steps were repeated with heating rate of 60.0Â °C. The readings were recorded down in the Table 1 for different rates 40.0Â °C and 60.0Â °C. Part C: Effect of Air Flow and Heating on Temperature Heating rate of 31.0Â °C and a fan rate of 5.0Hz, and another set with heating rate of 31.0Â °C and fan rate of 30.0Hz were selected to study their combined effect. The system was allowed to reach steady state whereby no observable changes in the duct temperature. All the readings displayed on the digital meters were recorded in Table 1. RESULTS: DISCUSSION: The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects of heating and air flow on temperature. The more kinetic energy inside an object particles cause vigorous collision which indicates that more heat been transferred from it. For sure it gives rise in temperature. Temperature is a parameter to measure the amount of thermal energy in one object based on the kinetic action between the particles. Air is made up of molecules that are constantly in motion. Once air is being warmed up, the molecules will gain energy to increase its mobility. The molecules will then collide to each other to cause effective collision. A higher temperature indicates more thermal motion between particles. So as return, a decrease in temperature will slow the movement of particles down. Fan frequency and heating rate are two factors that will alter the temperature changes. The faster the air flow rate, the more readily the surface cools as air forming a boundary layer is replaced and the temperature measured in the area is maintained low. Heat transfer in three main ways: through radiation, conduction, and natural or forced convention. Heat transfer via radiation occurs through electromagnetic waves, an example being the sun’s energy reaching the earth with including emissivity and energy absorption. Besides that, heat can also be transferred through conduction between the inner surface and outer surface of an object. As long as it is conducted by heat energy, the heat will flow from hotter region to lower region. For example, there is only one end of iron rod being heated by candle, and sooner or later the other end of the rod will become warmer. This phenomenon is a common heat conduction example which explained the heat energy can transfer through particles in one object. Doesn’t like heat conduction, heat convection happened between particles in fluid and non-fluid. Just like we can feel the heat of the hot iron plate once we get near to it even no contact at all. It is because the particles in iron plate pass the heat energy to air molecules in surrounding and the air molecules carry out heat convection again from air molecules onto our sensor cells on our body. One of the criteria for heat transfer to occur is temperature difference. As we all know, the heat will only transfer from hotter region to cooler region. According to First Law of Thermodynamic, the heat energy transferred from cooler place to hotter place is impossible. For convection, the rate of heat loss depends on the speed of ambient air flow above the surface. There will be an insulating boundary layer of warm air forming against the surface as the object surface heats the air around it. Moving air will destroy the boundary layer, letting the new cold air in and replace the original hot air. That is why the duct temperature is getting lower as the fan frequency goes higher. There are two types of convective heat transfer which are forced convection and natural convection. Forced convection was happened when there is external force existed for example Fan is considered as external force since it provides air flow. Forced convection can transfer faster heat rate compared to nat ural convection due to the stronger air flow rate which speed up the moving air that carries the heat energy. Furthermore, the temperature increases slowly for natural convection because heat energy is transferred in natural condition. At the early state of experiment, heater and fan were switched off so that we can observe the initial reading of all temperature gauges. The duct, heater and surrounding / ambient temperature were noted as 30.0 ËÅ ¡C, 30.0 ËÅ ¡C and 30.0ËÅ ¡C respectively. This set of data is the controlled set in this experiment. In part B experiment, the fan frequency was initially set to 5Hz. The results came out for duct, ambient and heater temperature were 29.9 ËÅ ¡C, 29.9ËÅ ¡C, 30.0 ËÅ ¡C respectively. After this, we need to wait for the whole component to stabilize (cool down) before carry out next set of part A experiment. Next, the fan frequency was reset to 30Hz. The duct, ambient and heater temperature were recorded 29.8 ËÅ ¡C, 29.9 ËÅ ¡C and 30.0 ËÅ ¡C respectively. From the result, we can conclude that the duct temperature is getting low as we increase the fan frequency. This is fan has create a force convection with disrupt all the insulating boundary layer and allow the new and cooler air to come into enclosing duct. For part B experiment, the heating rate was initially set to 40 ËÅ ¡C. The duct and ambient temperature came out as 31.1 ËÅ ¡C and 30.1 ËÅ ¡C. After that we repeat the cooling down process as what we did in part B experiment for system stabilization, the heating rate was then reset to 60 ËÅ ¡C. The duct and ambient temperature were recorded as 35.5 ËÅ ¡C and 30.9 ËÅ ¡C .The readings prove that the duct temperature had rose compared to last set experiment. This is because the particles in air gained greater kinetic energy and collides with each other faster, causing an increase in temperature. In part C experiment, both fan and heater were involved. In first trial (first condition), we had the combination of 5Hz fan frequency and 31.0 ËÅ ¡C of heater temperature. The duct and ambient temperature came out as 31.0 ËÅ ¡C and 30.6 ËÅ ¡C. Again the system needed to be stabilized in order to get more accurate reading for next part. For second trial (second condition) we made the condition as 30Hz fan frequency and 31.0 ËÅ ¡C of heater temperature together. The duct and ambient temperature were recorded as 30.9 ËÅ ¡C and 30.6 ËÅ ¡C. The data proves that the duct temperature in second trial is higher than that in first trial. This is because the air flow has again destroyed the insulating boundary layer and the heating rate can’t counter with intruding of new cold air. In conclusion, there is few precaution steps need to be taken throughout the whole experiment. Firstly, the temperature should be adjusted from low temperature reading to high temperature reading so that the remained heat won’t affect the next coming set. Next, this experiment should be conducted in a closed room and located far away from heating or cooling system so that the temperature won’t be easily affected. CONCLUSION: The objective of the experiment which is to study the effects of heating and air flow on temperature was successfully determined. Air flow rate and heating rate are the main factors that affect the temperature. In this experiment, heat transferred by using convection. Fan was acting as forced convection which alters the velocity of moving air to disrupt the insulating boundary layer to allow the cool air to replace the original warm air. When heater was switched on, air is heated and expands. The molecules in warm gained greater kinetic energy and collide with each other faster, causing an increase in temperature. REFERENCES: Convection. (n.d). Retrieved March 20, 2014 from http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatra.html Effects of Heat and Airflow inside an Enclosure. (n.d). Retrieved March 20, 2014 from http://www2.emersonprocess.com/siteadmincenter/PM%20DeltaV%20Documents/Whitepapers/WP_Heat_Airflow_Encl.pdf Jain,R. (n.d). Heat Transfer. Retrieved March 20, 2014 from http://www.budind.com/pdf/BasicsofEnclosureCoolingWhitePaper2.pdf

Managing Change in a workplace

IntroductionManaging change in a workplace is usually instigated by any business organization so as to enhance its production purposes as well as service delivery. Therefore, change by the management necessitates a systematic planning and receptive implementation and consultation need to be carried out comprising the persons who are going to be involved by such anticipated changes. However, it should be noted change should not be forced since it may not bring the desired results to the organization.It is therefore important to initiate change measures which have to be realistic, achievable and quantifiable; such factors are significant particularly when bearing in mind individual change in management practices. Research indicates that individuals alter their ways particularly when they are persuaded to do so; therefore, for effective change to be achieved charismatic leaders should be encouraged to take up the roles of change agents in an organization. (Barbara and Jocelyne, 2006)Dis cussionFirms operate in highly uncertain environment and therefore change is inevitable in order to remain focus and prosper in there business undertakings. In the current business environment it has turn out to be more and more essential for different industries to embrace the concept of change and in particular its technology, innovation and marketing strategies so as   to sustain competitive advantage in order to prosper.Rivalry and demand in high quality goods and services has resulted to business environments to be incredibly dynamic in that it necessitates active businesses and systems to present successful reactions to such uncertain business environments by incorporating changes in such organizations in order to cope with such uncertain environments.Change is any business organization is something definite so that the industry in question can cope with new technologies and challenges that crop up with time. For instance, over the past International Business machines (IBM) was faced with high rivalry from its competitors which resulted to decrease of its market shares and thus low profitability margins.Despite the fact that, change concept is a risky business venture for any industry, research reveals that approximately 70% of new changes carried out by different industries succeed and it has proved to be vital to the success of such industries over the long run. IBM had to undergo organization changes despite the fact that it is a risky venture. IBM changed it managerial operations because of the exterior demands and forces; IBM therefore had to appraise its strategic choices so as to generate new and viable objectives that could ultimately increase the industry’s productivity levels. (Palmer and Akin, 2006)To carry out such new changes, IBM management selected the â€Å"Director image† of change to guide the firm in implementing such changes. The director was selected because the image allows the managers to go through the projected al terations by following required procedures through the cycles of suggested changes jointly with the human resources that are concerned for instance analysis of such changes, unfreezing and executing the changes.Furthermore such image of change offers the managers high control in planning the procedure of changes and also on implementing them. This ensures that the managers are in responsible of the activities and are able to ensure that the process is well followed and maintained. This ensures that the proposed changes are effectively implemented. The other advantage of this image of change is that it views results from the proposed changes as certainly achievable and thus does not leave room for doubts.In order to remain international and aggressive on the marketplace IBM had to put into practice some business improvement changes in the industry.   IBM therefore considered quality when it embarked on making changes in the business development section. IBM in the process identifie d certain new business improvement objective and then had to create a business strategy that incorporated the following approaches of development; sales improvement procedures, new product development processes, exploring new markets and structural changes.IBM also initiated improvement changes such as utilization of the concepts of e-commerce, building new and strong strategic alliances and fostered the expansion of distributions channels as well as instigating worldwide development business operations. Another aspect that IBM concentrated on in the past is that of acquiring both small and medium sized companies. IBM implemented all such internal changes in order to improve its market share as well as become a market leader in its industry and thus increase its profitability through increment in sales. (Dyer, 1984)Therefore, the business improvement changes executed by IBM Company to an enhancement in proceeds collections as its sales augmented because of improved market share. IBM Company by introducing such changes was also able to better the quality of its products to global standards as well as producing new products that met the growing needs of consumers.Procter and Gamble is another company that has embraced the concept of change and it is typical pharmaceutical business company which has profound know-how, expertise and established competences in the pharmaceutical industry. The company has effectively produced and sold a broad array of quality and new products e.g. Ziac, Enablex, Macrodantin and Asacol among other prescription products for the last twenty five years in the market.The company has consolidated or strengthen its market by gaining advantage over it’s main rivals in the market through meeting the needs of its customers, offering quality prescription products, employing competent employees, excellent management practices and through employing viable marketing strategies for example diversification thus expanding its market share.Pro cter and Gamble management have formulated business strategies that have in the process aided the company in increasing its sales. For example, the company has opted to market its products in particular segments in which it perceives to have competitive edge among its rivals rather than competing across the entire pharmaceutical market which was there initial strategy. This strategy has been enhanced by vigorous advertising campaigns by the company and the management have been able to monitor its products in the market thus they have concentrated more on those products which the customers buy frequently. (Clark and McKenny, 1995)Another change of business strategy that the company has utilized is that of utilizing the concept of technological changes brought about as a result of globalization. Since globalization has become a contemporary form of carrying out business, the concept of e-commerce has enabled the company market its products in its various markets without getting involv ed in tedious activities like traveling.For example through the internet, the company has been able to track and monitor the performance of its products in various countries and thus enabling them to make viable decisions on which markets to be done away with and which to retain. The company is also accredited with using advance marketing techniques for example over-the-counter method enhanced by the concept of internet marketing.Procter and Gamble Company have also focused on pricing strategies that have attracted many consumers of its products unlike in the past they used to focus only on quality of the products. In essence, the company’s change is that of trying to be a low cost producer in the pharmaceutical industry. Human resource being the most important asset in any organization, the employees of Procter and Gamble have also experienced new changes for instance the company has built a new motivation systemThe company has focused too on improving the welfare of its emp loyees in order to achieve good results from them. The company is also accredited with good and effective forecasting techniques for example they have utilized time series technique of extrapolating the future sales of the company’s products. Procter and Gamble too have transformed its revenues to free cash stream in front of intentions and thus they have outpaced its rivals in the market. (Maund, 2001)Despite the intense market rivalry, Procter and Gamble as a result of such changes in its operations it have diversified its products to many nations globally and in the process the management of the company has developed the best contemporary association accredited with unsurpassed competence in logical or scientific expansion and selling of its products. We can therefore deduce that the company has been successful and will continue to strive in the long-term by maintaining its overall growth regardless of the increasing outlay and the ever challenging competitive setting in t he pharmaceutical industry because of the changes they have effected. (Clark and McKenny, 1995)ConclusionHuman resource management plays a big part in achieving organizational change in order to guarantee effectiveness and efficiency in production purposes. Theoretical approaches should be applied in organizational learning in order to provide potential managers with adequate knowledge and skills on managing change. Organizational change has to be incorporated in all organizations and such changes can either be planned or unplanned depending on the state of affairs facing the organization.In this respect therefore, there is a greater requirement for this concept of organizational change because it forms the basis of success if it is put into practice well in any organization. This can be done by external or the internal change agents who are modernization agencies. These change agents have got various roles and challenges in the initiation of change in organizations. (Murray and Sch oonover, 1988)There are psychological and social psychological factors of individuals within the organization which affect individual responses to organizational change. All these have to be analyzed and managed in case they are affecting the change negatively. When they are affecting positively then they have to be enhanced. There are group and inter-group processes that are carried out in organizational change. All these issues if implemented excellently will result to the accomplishment of goals in organizations’ day to day operations. For any change to be successful the parties involved have to liaise together in order to form the whole part of anticipated changes. Therefore, change processes should be steady and ought to be sustained by facts, and statistics to support the desired change. (Timothy, 1996)ReferenceBarbara, S and Jocelyne, F. (2006): Organizational Change. 3rd Edition; Prentice HallClark, T. and McKenny, J. (1995):   Procter and Gamble- Improving consumer value through process redesign, Harvard Business School, Boston.Dyer, W, (1984): Strategies for Managing Change. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Publishing Company, IncMaund, L. (2001): An Introduction to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice: Macmillan, PalgraveMurray, D. and Schoonover, S. (1988): Changing Ways: A Practical Tool For Implementing Change Within Organizations. New York, New York: AMACOM, A Division of American Management Association.Timothy, G. (1996): The Human Side of Change. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers.Palmer, I. and Akin, G. (2006): Managing organizational change; a multiple perspectives approach, McGraw- Hill Irwin

Is It A Lifestyle, Choosing For Make A Positive Change Essay

Happiness Is a Lifestyle, Choosing to Make a Positive Change By Awnish Todi | Submitted On February 18, 2016 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit 1 Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Awnish Todi Happiness does not depend on what you have or who you are. It solely relies on what you think! - Gautama Buddha Everyone wants to be happy. Nobody ever wants to be sad or upset or unhappy. However, despite knowing what we want, many a times happiness manages to escape us. We manage to get almost everything we desire. But this happiness remains elusive! We often use the expressions of happiness, joy and delight synonymously. This is a mistake. Happiness is very different from feeling joyful or ecstatic. It isn t really an emotion. Today, I want to talk a little bit about, what exactly happiness is, where it can be found and how we can stay happy. Defining and Understanding Happiness Happiness is a state of mind, defined by positive and pleasant influences and emotions that one experiences in life. Happiness is not one exact emotion like contentment or joy. It is more of a scale that ranges between these two emotions. In simple words, a person who is content with life, may not necessarily be happy. NeitherShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Time For Fitness882 Words   |  4 Pagespreferences. Combining proper diet with exercise is the greatest way to stay healthy and live longer. Many benefits arise by deciding to live healthy for yourself, you world will open up and you will feel more in-tune with your surroundings. Choosing an adequate lifestyle keeps you on your toes and ready for the day ahead, you will become more aware of life and your actions, making sure your healthy. 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