The Art Of Euclids Writing Essays - Foundations Of Geometry

The Art Of Euclid's Writing In Elements book one, Euclid incorporates stylistic devices in the process of proving a series of mathematical theories. One stylistic aspect of Euclid's writing is his use of common notions, such as the whole being greater than the part, and postulates, such as drawing a line from any point to any point. His early use of common notions and postulates do not merely help to prove the particular proposition, but is used in later propositions to persuade the reader of his proofs as well as to instill confidence in himself and the reader of the conclusions he arrives at in the propositions. Even before the actual propositions begin, Euclid lists the common notions and postulates of which he and the reader agree with. By doing this, Euclid and the reader have confidence in the proofs. In another way, the words ?common notions? and ?postulates? can be substituted by ?common sense? because it is ten points which everyone believes to be true. For example, the majority of the conclusions in proposition thirteen were arrived at using common notions. The last three steps in finally proving proposition thirteen were based on common notions. Since everyone agrees with the common notions, Euclid is confident that he is making a logical progression in proving that if a straight line set up on a straight line make angles, it will make either two right angles or angles equal to two right angles. Because of the general agreement of the postulates and the common notions, and by listing them in advance, Euclid is confident that he is correct when he makes assumptions based on them. In the same sense, the reader also holds the conclusions that Euclid arrives at to be true. Another possibility to Euclid's use of postulates and common notions is that he often uses postulates to set up a problem in terms in which he knows to be correct and then concludes the proposition with a common notion. Euclid is confident that if he can arrive at a common notion for the last step, he is able to prove the proposition using that particular common notion. An example of this is proposition two in which his first step in proving the proposition uses postulate one and by a logical progression arrives at common notion one in the end to prove the proposition. Another reason for Euclid's use of common notions and postulates is the desire to persuade the audience that he is correct when he uses common notions to prove postulates. For example, in proposition four, which states that if two triangles have the two sides equal to two sides respectively, and have the angles contained by the equal straight lines equal, they will also have the base equal to the base, the triangle will be equal to the triangle, and the remaining angles will be equal to the remaining angles respectively, namely those which the equal sides subtend, Euclid's last step refers to common notion four, which ultimately proves the proposition. Because Euclid knows the reader agrees with the common notions, he can easily persuade them when he stakes a claim in order to prove a proposition. Another example is proposition two, that places at a given point (as an extremity) a straight line equal to a given straight line, which is solely proven using postulates and common notions . In this case, Euclid can easily persuade the reader because every step of the proposition involved either a postulate or a common notion. Since the reader accepts all the postulates and common notions to be true, Euclid can easily persuade the reader when all a proposition contains is common notions and postulates. In another instance, Euclid uses both a postulate and a common notion to prove one of the steps of proposition fifteen which states that if two straight lines cut one another, they make the vertical angles equal to one another. By fulfilling the conditions of a postulate and a common notion, the proposition gives the reader no doubt that the proof will work. Euclid also uses a proposition proven by a common notion to prove a later proposition. For example, propositions four and ten are correlated in this

Drugs Issue essays

Drugs Issue essays IS THE HOWARD GOVERNMENT DOING ENOUGH TO STOP THE DRUG PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA? 1n 1999, 737 Australians died of a heroin overdose. This is double what it was in 1993. Prime Minister John Howard was elected in 1996, and only now, after 5 years has he finally acknowledged the drug problem in Australia. Recently the government has introduced a 27 million dollar anti-drugs strategy. This strategy, which will include education, crime prevention, law enforcement and rehabilitation, is already underway. A parental education booklet was sent to every household last week, explaining to parents the effects drugs have on teenagers and what to look out for. In this booklet John Howard has strongly stated that Parents guidance has strongest influence on children than anything else. By making statements such as these he is trying to put the blame on parents, not taking any responsibility on his behalf. He does not seem to realize the majority of children will listen to friends before their parents; all the morals in the world will not stop reckless teenagers. To follow up this booklet are a set of television commercials set up to shock viewers. Drug experts believe the ads will only shock the parents watching them. The ads feature teenagers resorting to crime and prostition to feed their habits, the ads also show death as a warning to teenagers of what can happen. The problem with these ads are they wont work. Why? Because anyone trying drugs for the first time will not be stealing from others or selling their bodies to pay for it. The ads are showing what can happen in very extreme cases. When teenagers use drugs for the first time they will not associate with these ads because they are simply experimenting and wanting to have fun, the last thing on their mind is, will I die like in those ads for smoking a bit of dope or drinking alcohol? It is true that most heroin users started using alcohol and ...

Alcohol and Tobacco

Alcohol and Tobacco Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. Alcohol and Tobacco Although the public knows about the negative effects of these products, people still continue to use the substances without thinking twice. These products are legal if you are of age, so people will continue to experiment with alcohol and tobacco. On the other hand, drugs are not legal and are not advertised all over the media because they are prohibited in our society. If drugs were legal, experimentation and usage of these dangerous and deadly drugs would skyrocket. The usage of alcohol and tobacco is legal, but the usage of drugs should be prohibited in the United States. A theory is that if a person tries one drug such as marijuana, there is a high likelihood that that person will eventually try a harder drug such as cocaine. This is a very scary thought. If drugs were legal, many more individuals would be trying them. The media would be advertising cocaine like it was voldka. There is a large difference between these two products. People would feel like it was okay to experiment with the drug because its usage was legal. This could be harmful, because everyone can have a different effect to each drug. Drugs such as cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and dangerous. They not only cause damage to the person using but also to surrounding people. I am not trying to undersize alcohol and the damage it can cause, but at least there are laws against driving while intoxicated so that you can prevent yourself from harming another individual. Tobacco use affects your body in the long run, but other than second hand smoke, it does not directly put others in danger. Certain drugs can make a person spiral out of control and make them do certain things that they would never do if they were clean. A counter viewpoint is that drugs should be legalized because it is a person choice to use or consume whatever they wish. Advocates of legalizing drugs say that people will use drugs if they have the desire to whether it is legal or illegal. They mention that what is the difference between tobacco and alcohol versus drugs. Alcohol can be just as damaging to other people as drugs can be sometimes. The United States is a free country where we can speak how we feel and do how we feel and no one can tell us how to live our life. They say that if people want to use alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, they should have the freedom to do so. Both sides make valid points, but I definitely feel that drug usage would contaminate our society even more. Alcohol and Tobacco

QUESTIONS Thoroughly read Chapters 7 through 10 of the Policy Issues Essay

QUESTIONS Thoroughly read Chapters 7 through 10 of the Policy Issues textbook, and then prepare an annotated bibliography for - Essay Example Scientific research and understanding creates practical technological applications which in turn require institutional implementation and management which in turn lead to more technological change as specific implementations are made which in turn leads to more scientific change. Therefore, science and technology policy have to bear in mind that innovation is more complex than a simple model of science and technology leading to innovation. Metcalfe moves on to distinguish between types of policy and innovation, such as academic scientific research versus practical technology, and further notes that despite their dialectical interrelationship, science and technology are different things. Finally, he ties this in with economic policy. Freeman, C. 2002, â€Å"National Systems of Innovation†, Policy Issues for Business, ed. Vivek Suneja, Sage Publications Ltd. Freeman expands on the analysis made by Metcalfe by noting that innovation is inherently dynamically social: No firm innov ates on their own, and technology and science are best done in systems of shared, free inquiry. Networks of governmental, scientific, educational, business and NGO innovators produce innovation over time. Freeman notes that the Friedrich list, a system whereby Germany specifically tied industrial and technological policy in the arena of education, was highly efficacious. He also notes that in Japan, R&D and business are tied together specifically, while in Russia, R&D and enterprise were often quite distinct. However, he does note that the Soviet Union's R&D and scientific research was not bad by any stretch of the imagination: They focused on arenas like mathematics, military innovation and space travel. This indicates that the priorities of national policy have direct and indirect results on atmospheres of innovation and creation. Freeman concludes by arguing a) regional and local factors will remain important in any technology and innovation policy no matter how globalized and in tegrated the world becomes, and b) Britain's experience should lead policy-makers to conclude that while learning by doing and interacting are important, innovations needs to be stressed at a systemic level. Porter, ME. 2002, â€Å"The Competitive Advantage of Nations†, Policy Issues for Business, ed. Vivek Suneja, Sage Publications Ltd. Porter continues in Freeman's vein by analyzing what makes nations competitively advantageous in the global marketplace. Strong investments in science and technology, a skilled workforce, government support and culture are all good elements, unsurprisingly, but Porter argues that in fact challenges can be opportunities. A country facing competitive challenge at home and abroad, difficult and selective customers, and aggressive suppliers will be highly effective if it can survive the challenges and weather the storm. Aside from noting the influence of national playing fields created by national policy, Porter also recommends that firms, even i f they are local or nationally oriented, should adopt a global perspective and strategy, and should move towards trying to sell under their brand name globally and control their business directly even on the global level rather than using middlemen. Porter also notes that, since markets change so rapidly, they are likely to obviate and make advantages obsolete, so companies need to treat even presently relevant advantages as soon likely to be obsolete

The influence and effects of JSR-170 on the Content Management Essay

The influence and effects of JSR-170 on the Content Management Industry - Essay Example For example business departments turning content into assets, that thus becomes a monetary value for the enterprise. The ECM market is rapidly growing. Regan (2005) quotes a Gartner study that estimates the value of ECM software at $2.5 billion by end of 2006 while Forrester are predicting 19% growth per annum to reach a value of $4 billion by 2008. The ECM market is predicted to rapidly grow in the next few years and will in all likelihood outstrip the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) market (Dschner et al, 2005). The content is currently locked in proprietary repositories or databases that only allow access with custom APIs. Attempting to have an application that can access information from different repositories is expensive since the application has to implement all the different combinations of repository APIs. As a consequence information that should be integrated remains isolated. This leads to vendor lock-in because the costs of changing a CM-vendor are high. The need for content access standards is obvious yet the content management industry has struggled to solve this problem. "[T]he ECM pure-play and infrastructure vendors are currently pushing their proprietary content repositories, hoping to grab as much market share as possible from rivals" (McNabb and Moore, 2005). Developing custom applications and services on top of a single vendor's proprietary API is an enterprise investment risk. Over time it is possible to lose the investment when the vendor goes out of business. That risk can be mitigated (but not entirely eliminated) through open standards, methodologies or documentation. The Java Specification Requests (JSRs) are documents within the Java Community Process (JCP) for defining new standards for the Java language. JSR-170, whose final version was released on June 17 2005, is expected to solve the above mentioned problem. It offers a standard, vendor-independent API to access data from a content repository and allows the required data flexibility that is needed for ECM to support additional business processes or applications. The concept of JSR-170 is explained in one sentence: "[JSR-170] specifies a standard API to access content repositories in Java 2 independently of implementation" (Nscheler, 2005) A proposed standard can only emerge to a standard if it is widely accepted and supported by the vendors and requested by clients of content management systems. The obvious problem is that while the standard is new not all vendors will have it implemented. This is akin to solving the proverbial problem of what comes first the chicken or the egg. With the standard not implemented the critical mass of customers demanding the implementation of the standard will not be easily achieved. The clients must first be aware of the new

Preventative methods of animal cruelty Essay Example for Free

Preventative methods of animal cruelty Essay Purpose By the end of this speech the audience will be able to know the proper preventative methods of animal cruelty, I also want my audience to know that animal cruelty is wrong and it shouldn’t be tolerated in any form. Introduction How many of you have pets? And how many of you would do anything for them? As seen in a recent study (according to animalcrueltyfacts.net in the year of 2011) 13% of intentional animal abuse cases involve domestic violence, also between 25% and 40% of battered women are unable to escape abusive situations because they worry about what will happen to their pets or livestock if they leave. In saying this animal abuse goes hand in hand with domestic abuse. Animal abuse is similar to domestic abuse because they both have the ability for the batterers to show the power and control that they have over their victims. (animalcruelty.net) Previous research indicates that batterers often threaten or harm pets in order to intimidate and control their female partners. Transition/first point: different types of abuse whether Animal abuse can be either passive or active. (animalcrueltyfact.org) When a person omits responsibility towards an animal is an example of passive abuse, while active abuse requires inflicting pain such as choking. This can be brought back to the comparison of animal abuse and domestic abuse, an example of passive abuse in regards to domestic abuse can be name calling swearing or making the victim feel little or like they don’t exist. An example of active abuse is physical violence such as hitting a spouse. Transition/ Second point: Animals have personalities and feelings like humans Darwin once stated â€Å"emotions exist in non-human animals, and his evolutionary theory suggests that behavioral traits, including personality, can evolve in just the same way as fins, wings and arms, he said. We should realize that studying the personality of animals could help us understand a lot about human personality. (utexas.edu) Although many people don’t believe it animals have feelings just like humans. They can feel pain and go through emotional distress. When an animal is mistreated and being abused they feel the same pain a person would if they were in the same situation. Transition/ Third point: Laws that can be passed or that are passed already Laws are passed in all 50 states that prevent abuse towards both animals and humans. Anti-cruelty laws exist in all U.S states and territories to prohibit unnecessary killing, mutilating, torturing, beating, neglecting the abandonment of animals or depriving them of proper food, water or shelter. (americanhumane.org) But these laws will never be enough. If you are in a situation in which you are confronted with animal or domestic abuse call your local police department or anyone that can help your specific situation. Conclusion I will conclude my speech by saying that animal abuse, domestic abuse, or that any kind of abuse is wrong. Animals are innocent creatures that do not have a voice of their own so why should they be mistreated? They are suffering in silence because they don’t have a voice. People need to come to the realization that animals need and deserve as much respect as any other creature, and until people start speaking up about cruelty towards animals or humans they will never be free of the cruel acts that are imprisoning them. Works cited * Jennifer , Robbins. domestic violence and animal abuse . Texas journal of women and law . 2006: 129-146. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. http://0web.ebscohost.com.helin.uri.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3hid=19sid=183b26d7-a3d6-4624-94e6- [emailprotected]. * www.animalcruelty.net * emily , suthertin. Animal cruelty:facts,prevention,statistics,and action . now public. N.p., 2012. Web. Web. 16 Dec. 2012. http://www.nowpublic.com/environment/animal-cruelty-facts-prevention-statistics-and-action-2886267.html. * Faver, Catherine A, and alonzo

Santa Fe Trail Essay -- essays research papers

Santa Fe Trail Net "ALL'S SET" FOR SFTNet "The Santa Fe Trail Lives On!" Welcome to SFTNet, the latest manifestation of the Santa Fe Trail saga. This service is designed for trail buffs, students, researchers, travelers on the trail--in short, anyone with an interest in historic or contemporary developments along the Santa Fe Trail. What Is The Santa Fe Trail? As many who read this introduction will know, the Santa Fe Trail is an ancient land route of communication between the desert Southwest of what is now the United States and the prairies and plains of central North America. In the Southwest it was also part of a longer route that ran down the Rio Grande into what is now northern Mexico. American Indian peoples used the route to trade the agricultural produce of the Rio Grande Valley and the bounty of the plains, such as jerked buffalo meat and buffalo hides. When the Spanish conquistador Onate came to New Mexico in 1598, he and his soldiers followed this ancient route as they explored the plains and traded wit h the peoples there. During the next two centuries the Spanish gained an intimate knowledge of the plains and the routes between the Mississippi-Missouri river systems and the Southwest. Then, in 1821, a trader from Missouri, William Becknell, came to Santa Fe along what was to become known as the historical route of the Santa Fe Trail. He opened the Santa Fe Trail as a commercial route between what was then ...

Field And Historical Reseacrch: Individual Reflection Essay

There reaches a stage in the life of an individual whereby choices and decisions concerning what must be done are decided and it is usually not an easy task. The answer is only achieved through an in-depth look within themselves. Reflection of the most important values and what they perceive will make them happy as well enabling them to achieve self actualization are also decided. The available resources that are required to fulfill their goals and ambitions must be put into consideration. In this paper, I am going to reflect the processes that Blackburn undergone through learning, the perceptions that she got towards other people, how she shaped her personality to fit the research environment, the values that she attached to different activities and the values of other people. The effective analysis of all factors that made her the person she is today is the only way she can be able to explain the principles that shapes her behavior and also the cause of her changed intentions. According to the statement in question, the processes that an individual undergoes require critical examination of all the factors that are involved in the area under research. The researcher is required to participate fully, in body and soul, in the activity that is being researched. Learning should be a continuous activity since the researcher must be in a position to provide detailed descriptions of all variables throughout the study. The things that Blackburn learned in her researches shows what a researcher is learning during the field study and enables him/her to tackle future experiences and possible opportunities with a lot of ease. The experience gained impacts hugely on the perception that the researcher has towards others, brings changes in their personal character and other held values and attitudes. The positive or negative encounters with individuals from the field of research shows that human beings can learn new things from each other and every individual posses a unique thinking capability and each one will approach a problem from different perspective. Therefore, it becomes easy to ascertain that human beings are always learning the forming and reforming processes and that elements in their personal systems keep changing. The most important thing individuals need to know is to be open-minded when approaching quite complex tasks. They should be judgmental before factoring all important aspects of the problem under research. The brain should always be trained to think and provide solutions. A review of similar past problems and the measures that were taken can help in the improvement of current field researches through a carefully chosen research design (Ferreira and Merchant, 1992, p 19). In conclusion, it is always not easy task to establish the most suitable learning criteria in circumstances where the path to success consists of many ups and downs. Conflicting ideas on the way to carry out experiments that will bring desired results using a specified approach can not be easily avoided. We should always accept failure because it shows us the approach of executing complex tasks. The thinking capacity of an individual should always be utilized to the maximum capacity to ensure that the right decisions are made. Researchers should not only concentrate on the subject matter but their concentration should be centered on how they can improve the value of the subject matter. Things are always changing and so should the long held principles.

Would Life in the State of Nature Be Intolerable as Hobbes?

Would life in the State of Nature be intolerable as Hobbes and Locke believe? The state of nature is described as a primitive state untouched by civilization; it is the condition before the rule of law and is therefore a synonym of Anarchy. Anarchy means without government, anarchist thought is the conviction that existing forms of government are productive of wars, internal violence, repression and misery. Hobbes political philosophy considers what the life of man would be like without the state; of which is described as ‘brutish, short and nasty. ’ This view strongly contrasts with the utopian elements in anarchist thought.The Leviathan, which is an archetypal statement of the need for strong government equates anarchy with violence and disorder. The complexity of political ideas generated by both philosophies can be examined and contrasted against one another; to generate an opposite consistent anarchist inversion of Hobbism thought that justifies life in a state of n ature that is not insufferable. Hobbes explores the logic of a situation in which human nature predisposes men to act in certain ways, and there is no superior power to stop them from warring with each other (Sorrel, 1996).Therefore in the state of nature there is no economic prosperity, as this depends on security and co-operation, no scientific knowledge ‘ no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all continual fear and danger of violent death’( Leviathan 82) This is an intense and extreme depiction of what life would be like with no government at all. Superimposed on this are images of a partial state of nature resulting from the breakdown of central government, or civil war, the realistic dangers Hobbes is trying to avert ( Gauthier, 1969)Hobbes abstract justification for government rests on the legalistic fiction of the social contract. The contract is created between two individuals motivated to set up a government because of the miseries they endure in the state of nature of which there is no stable social organisation (Sorrel, 1986). Hobbes rationalises that individuals driven by fear and in search of peace would all come together to draw up a peace treaty, and simultaneously set up a sovereign in order to ensure that the promise is attained. Hobbes shows that it is in the interest of the people to live under a strong overnment, and therefore one should act in a way as to maintain the existing government (Sorrel, 1986). Moral obligation and its involvement in legal practice is something that is used to conclude that government is necessary, useful and has legitimate authority. In comparison, the anarchist William Godwin replied to the notion of an original contract by constructing a rational anarchist philosophy. He pertained that contracts were not between the fictitious entity the ‘people’ and the government, but between specific individuals (Woodcock, 1977).Godwin’s society would not be built In an assum ed past as Hobbes was, but on series of mutually and constantly renewed compacts between freely contracting individuals, permanent contracts such as marriage were seen as an infringement of freedom: this theory was based on the principle of justice in anarchist thought ( Nozick, 2006) The impact of Hobbes theory is based on the evocation of violence, fears and chaos which ensues without the role of the government to enforce law.If theses notions are ‘reversed, it can be argued that men are by nature, when uncorrupted by the perverting influence of the government and evil societies, peace loving and activated by spontaneous sympathy towards others’ ( Nozick, 2006) Therefore the logic of the situation is reversed; Government now ceases to be the protector of the individual and a guarantor of their lives and property. Instead ‘the state is seen as a chief threat to liberty, security and prosperity of the individual, whom it circumscribes with laws and regulationsâ₠¬â„¢ ( Rotberg, 2004) Hobbes did concede that governments might harm their subjects’ (Gauthier, 1969) but retained that this harm would ensue a lot less damage compared to the horror inflicted upon man in a state of war and calamity as in an anarchist society. Anarchists like Godwin and Tolstoy believed that governments are responsible for the greatest crimes, and promote devastating wars between states ( Ferrel, 2001). It is of course an over simplification that to say that anarchists believe men are always naturally coercive and peaceable, just as it is misleading to suggest that Hobbes thought all men were competitive and vainglorious .The anarchists conclude that government is a great and unnecessary evil, and that anarchy in the literal sense of no government need not mean anarchy in the popular sense of violence and disorder (Bain, 1967) . ‘The most basic element common to both theoretical frameworks is the assumption that social analysis begins with the individua l, his personal desires and wishes’ (Ferrel, 2001) rather than with the society as a whole; political conclusions are based on an individualist position. Hobbes defines freedom as the absence of external constraints on the individual.The need for a strong government to prevent civil war can be replaced with the government’s priority to promote a natural harmony of interests. ‘The restrictive role of the state is reduced to a minimum, and the logical consequence is a laissez faire liberalism in which there is a belief in the role of the state in maintaining internal peace, and providing defence against external enemies’ (Woodcock, 1977). If this brand of liberalism is taken to its logical extreme what results, is a kind of laissez faire anarchism postulating a natural harmony of interests in all spheres of social life. Woodcock, 1977) This is a conception of individual freedom that can be attained in a state of nature that is accepted by Hobbes. Although he does not believe in overriding the rights of the government, he espouses radical egalitarianism ( Gauthier,1969) . The equality of all men is a notion that is pertained in order to deny the nobility of the privileged, and hence disruptive status within the realm; all men are equally obliged to obey the sovereign ( Sorrel, 1996) The basic sense of equality against all men in the state of nature is necessary if all men are to live under a sovereign.He refutes the idea that some sections of humanity are naturally superior to others, the aristocracy are not superior by nature, but by social convention; women are not inferior by nature but by family convention. ( Sorrel, 1986) .In Godwin’s theory of justice it is understood that all men and women are morally equal, therefore justice demands they should be socially and economically equal. Therefore in a state of nature of which all men are equal, there would be no need for any civil war, as no man is above another nor has the auth ority to claim war against any fellow man (Woodcock, 1977)Hobbes psychological outlook on the nature of man is similar to an anarchist libertarian approach. The pleasures of life, especially sex, are viewed as passionate desire of man which should not be denied (Bain, 1967). There is no hierarchy of higher and lower passions, man is perceived as a machine motivated by a succession of desires: this view is subversive of social taboos and social morality (Gauthier, 1969). A belief in the fulfilment of mans natural desires can be turned into a positive plea to encourage individuals to satisfy their desires and find happiness (Ferrel, 2001).This could be achieved in a state of nature governed by anarchist thought, it is a position that would serve man well and allow them personal freedom against the walls of repression produced under the laws of government. Another direct assessment can be proposed regarding the outlook of law between the two contrasting philosophies. For Hobbes the law is defined as the will and authority of the sovereign, and is not due to the law of nature or the principles of natural justice.If the legitimacy of the sovereign’s authority is denied then so is the legitimacy of the law (Rotberg, 2004) . If one believes in independent standards of justice and morality; as do anarchists, existing laws can be judged as morally unjust. Moreover if government in itself is an evil then the laws propagated by the governments are not only coercive restrictions on individual liberty, but an intolerable form of coercion (Nozick, 2006) In conclusion, life in the state of nature would not be an unbearable way to live.There is a possibility that man may live harmoniously without the need of government to restrain them; as they are able to direct their passions and desires using a sense of rationality. The use of government has an inverse effect on society which causes corruption and creates wars with the use of individual power and authority. Hobbes s eems to be describing a society of beasts in anarchy after the disturbing influences of the state has been removed, after which people are unaware of the natural laws of equality of which they should live by. References Woodcock, George, (1977) The Anarchist Reader, chpt7 †¢ Ferrel, Jeff, (2001) Tearing Down The Streets; Adventures in Urban Anarchy, chpt 5, 2, 1 †¢ Nozick, Robert, ( 2006) Anarchy State and Utopia, chpt 2, 5 †¢ Rotberg, Robert, ( 2004) When States Fail; Causes and Consequences, chpt 4 †¢ Bain, William, ( 1967) Between Anarchy and Society chpt 1, 2, 3 †¢ Gauthier, David, ( 1969) The Logic of Leviathan, chpt 1, 2, 5 †¢ Sorrel, Tom, ( 1986) The Arguments Of Philosophies, chpt 8, 11 †¢ Sorrel, Tom ( 1996) Cambridge Companion to Hobbes, chpt 9 chpt = Chapter

Unit 1 Vocabulary Essay

Unit 1 Vocabulary Essay Unit 1 Vocabulary Essay Bene is latin for "Well" Benediction - A prayer that asks for God's blessing, especially a prayer that concludes a worship service. Benefactor - Someone who helps another person or group, especially by giving money. Beneficiary - A perspn or organization that benefits or is expected to benefit from something, especially one that receives money or property when someone dies. Benevolence - Kidness, Generosity AM comes from Latin Amare "To love" or "Friend" Amicable - Friendly, Peaceful Enamored - Charmed or fascinated;inflamed with love. Amorous - Having or showing srong feelings of attraction or love Paramour - A lover, often secret, not allowed by law or custom. BELL comes from Latin word meaning of war Antebellum - Existing before a war, especially before the American Civil War. Bellicose - Warlike, aggressive, quarrelsome. Belligerence - Aggressiveness, Combativeness. Rebellion - Open defiance and opposition, sometimes armed, to a person or thing in authority. PAC Latin words for "agree" and "peace" Pacify - To soothe anger or agitation. To subdue by armed action. Pacifist - A person opposed to war or violence, especially someone who refuses to bear arms or to fight, on moral or religious grounds. Pact - An agreement between two or more people or groups Pace - Contrary to the opinion of CRIM comes from Latin "fault or crime" or "accusation" Criminology - The study of crime, criminals, law enforcement, or punishment. Decriminalize - To remove or reduce the criminal status of Incriminate - To show evidence of involvment in a crime or a fault. Recrimination - An accusation in answer to another accusation being made against oneself PROB Latin words "prove or proof" "honesty or integrity" Probate - The process of proving in court that the will of someone who has died is valid, and of administering the estate of a dead person. Probity - Absolute honesty an uprightness Reprobate - A person of thoroughly bad character. GRAV Latin word for "heavy, weighty, serious" Grave - Requiring serious thought or concern. Gravitas - Great or very dignified seriousness. Gravitate - To move or be drawn toward

Draw class diagram for the situation Research Paper

Draw class diagram for the situation - Research Paper Example Visibility can be private, public or protected. In Jim Smith’s dealership situation as presented, there are four classes involved: Manufacturer, Car, Buyer and Contact information. Each class has its own attributes, the car manufacturer has both name and contact information as its attributes, the car has list price, buying price, model name and model series, the buyer has a name, car bought, buying price and address and finally contact information with both address and phone number as attributes. All the attributes of all the classes should be private hence the negative sign before the attributes. Association between the classes is an important part of class diagrams and is as follows according to the situation presented in Jim Smith’s dealership: A car manufacturer can sell one or many cars to the dealership, a buyer can buy one or many cars from the dealership, a buy lives at one specific

Project Management Theory & Practice Assignment

Project Management Theory & Practice - Assignment Example Therefore, in order to come up with successful, reliable and efficient projects, project managers are required to have a keen interest in managing quality of a project and shall also consider factors influencing quality of a project (Chen, 2010; Levy, 2011). This paper includes a discussion of how various factors influence the quality management process in a project management scenario and what different alternatives for managing quality and recommendations on how further improvements in quality of a project can be attained. Quality Control / Management – Definition Quality control or management can be defined as a process aimed at ensuring that a project which involves manufacturing a product or rendering of a service is able to a predefined and acceptable level of quality. The process of controlling or managing quality includes initiatives and steps taken by the responsible persons to verify and test whether the project is adhering to a certain predefined sets of quality ass urance standards (Levy, 2011; Lester, 2007). The Project Management Process The process of project management is a purely managerial activity which involves planning and managing activities related to a project. The traditional layout of a project management process comprises of various processes. These processes include the following: Initiation of Project Planning and Developing a Project Executing the Project Monitoring and Controlling the Project Closing Down the Project (Levy, 2011). Before going into the details of managing quality in projects, it is pertinent to mention here that the implementation and carrying out of a project involves two basic processes, which include technical process and management process (Levy, 2011). The technical process refers to a process which relates to the development of product. The technical process determines sub processes or activities for development of a product. The process outlines the cycle which is to be followed while carrying out a p roject and also identifies the activities involved in different phases of a project (Levy, 2011). On the other hand, management process refers to a process which relates to the whole project. This process determines the processes and ways in which all the activities involved in carrying out a project are planned, managed and controlled, such that each and every aspect of a project is considered and responsibilities and duties are allocated to relevant personnel and departments. The management process also takes into consideration the timely completion of a project and carrying out of all activities within the allocated budget (Levy, 2011). The interaction of technical process and management process is diagrammatically shown as follows: Source: (StaffTechs, 2013) As can be observed in the diagram presented above, the quality management process lies in the middle of technical process and management process and is regarded as a supporting process. This means that quality control and ma nagement actually bridges the technical and management processes and is interlinked with both of them. Quality Management Standards In order to satisfy the intended users or stakeholders of a project, it is important that the project meets their expectations and is able to provide them what it is